SQL函数(二)

violet2024/12/17
SQL

SQL GROUP BY 语句

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GROUP BY 语句可结合一些聚合函数来使用

1 GRIUP BY 语句

GROUP BY 语句用于结合聚合函数,根据一个或多个列堆结果集进行分组。

SQL GROUP BY 语法

SELECT column_name,aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GR

2 演示数据库

Websites

+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| id | name         | url                       | alexa | country |
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| 1  | Google       | https://www.google.cm/    | 1     | USA     |
| 2  | 淘宝          | https://www.taobao.com/   | 13    | CN      |
| 3  | 菜鸟教程      | http://www.runoob.com/    | 4689  | CN      |
| 4  | 微博          | http://weibo.com/         | 20    | CN      |
| 5  | Facebook     | https://www.facebook.com/ | 3     | USA     |
|  6 | 百度         | https://www.baidu.com/    |     4 | CN      |
|  7 | stackoverflow | http://stackoverflow.com/ |     0 | IND     |
+----+---------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+

access_log

mysql> SELECT * FROM access_log;
+-----+---------+-------+------------+
| aid | site_id | count | date       |
+-----+---------+-------+------------+
|   1 |       1 |    45 | 2016-05-10 |
|   2 |       3 |   100 | 2016-05-13 |
|   3 |       1 |   230 | 2016-05-14 |
|   4 |       2 |    10 | 2016-05-14 |
|   5 |       5 |   205 | 2016-05-14 |
|   6 |       4 |    13 | 2016-05-15 |
|   7 |       3 |   220 | 2016-05-15 |
|   8 |       5 |   545 | 2016-05-16 |
|   9 |       3 |   201 | 2016-05-17 |
+-----+---------+-------+------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3 GROUP BY 简单应用

统计 access_log 各个 site_id 的访问量:

实例

SELECT site_id,SUM(access_log.count) AS nums
FROM access_log GROUP BY site_id;

执行输出结果

img

4 SQL GROUP BY 多表连接

下面的 SQL 语句统计有记录的网站的记录数量:

实例

SELECT Websites.name,COUNT(access_log.aid) AS nums FROM access_log
LEFT JOIN Websites
ON access_log.site_id=Websites.id
GROUP BY Websites.name;

执行输出结果

img

SQL HAVING 子句

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在 SQL 中增加 HAVING 子句原因是,WHERE 关键字无法与聚合函数一起使用。

HAVING 子句可以让我们筛选分组后的各组数据。

1 SQL HAVING 语法

SELECT column1,aggregate_function(column2)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column1
HAVING condition;

参数说明

  • column1:要检索的列
  • aggregate_function(column2):一个聚合函数,例如 SUM、COUNT、AVG 等,应用与 column2 的值
  • table_name:要从中检索数据的表。
  • GROUP BY column1:根据 column1 列的值对数据进行分组
  • HAVING condition:一个条件,用于筛选分组的结果。只有满足条件的分组会包含在结果集中。

2 演示数据库

Websites

+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| id | name         | url                       | alexa | country |
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| 1  | Google       | https://www.google.cm/    | 1     | USA     |
| 2  | 淘宝          | https://www.taobao.com/   | 13    | CN      |
| 3  | 菜鸟教程      | http://www.runoob.com/    | 4689  | CN      |
| 4  | 微博          | http://weibo.com/         | 20    | CN      |
| 5  | Facebook     | https://www.facebook.com/ | 3     | USA     |
|  6 | 百度         | https://www.baidu.com/    |     4 | CN      |
|  7 | stackoverflow | http://stackoverflow.com/ |     0 | IND     |
+----+---------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+

access_log

mysql> SELECT * FROM access_log;
+-----+---------+-------+------------+
| aid | site_id | count | date       |
+-----+---------+-------+------------+
|   1 |       1 |    45 | 2016-05-10 |
|   2 |       3 |   100 | 2016-05-13 |
|   3 |       1 |   230 | 2016-05-14 |
|   4 |       2 |    10 | 2016-05-14 |
|   5 |       5 |   205 | 2016-05-14 |
|   6 |       4 |    13 | 2016-05-15 |
|   7 |       3 |   220 | 2016-05-15 |
|   8 |       5 |   545 | 2016-05-16 |
|   9 |       3 |   201 | 2016-05-17 |
+-----+---------+-------+------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3 SQLHAVING 实例

① 现在我们要查找总访问量大于 200 的网站。

实例

SELECT Websites.name,Websites.url,SUM(access_log.count) AS nums 
FROM (access_log INNER JOIN Websites ON access_log.site_id=Websites.id)
GROUP BY Websites.name
HAVING SUM(access_log.count) > 200;

执行输出结果

img

② 现在我们想要查找访问量大于 200 的网站,并且 alexa 排名小于 200。

我们在 SQL 语句中增加一个普通的 WHERE 子句:

实例

SELECT Websites.name,SUM(access_log.count) AS nums FROM Websites
INNER JOIN access_log
ON Websites.id=access.log.site_id
WHERE Websites.alexa < 200
GROUP BY Websites.name
HAVING SUM(access_log.count) > 200;

执行输出结果

img

SQL EXISTS 运算符

1 EXISTS 运算符

EXISTS 运算符用于判断查询子句是否有记录,如果有一条或多条记录存在返回 True,否则返回 false。

SQL EXISTS 语法

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition);

2 演示数据库

Websites

+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| id | name         | url                       | alexa | country |
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| 1  | Google       | https://www.google.cm/    | 1     | USA     |
| 2  | 淘宝          | https://www.taobao.com/   | 13    | CN      |
| 3  | 菜鸟教程      | http://www.runoob.com/    | 4689  | CN      |
| 4  | 微博          | http://weibo.com/         | 20    | CN      |
| 5  | Facebook     | https://www.facebook.com/ | 3     | USA     |
+----+---------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+

access_log

mysql> SELECT * FROM access_log;
+-----+---------+-------+------------+
| aid | site_id | count | date       |
+-----+---------+-------+------------+
|   1 |       1 |    45 | 2016-05-10 |
|   2 |       3 |   100 | 2016-05-13 |
|   3 |       1 |   230 | 2016-05-14 |
|   4 |       2 |    10 | 2016-05-14 |
|   5 |       5 |   205 | 2016-05-14 |
|   6 |       4 |    13 | 2016-05-15 |
|   7 |       3 |   220 | 2016-05-15 |
|   8 |       5 |   545 | 2016-05-16 |
|   9 |       3 |   201 | 2016-05-17 |
+-----+---------+-------+------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3 SQL EXISTS 实例

① 现在我们想要查找总访问量(count 字段)大于 200 的网站是否存在。

实例

SELECT Websites.name,Websites.url
FROM Websites
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT count FROM access_log WHERE Websites.id = access_log.site.id AND count > 200);

执行输出结果

img

② EXISTS 可以与 NOT 一同使用,查找出不符合查询语句的记录:

实例

SELECT Websites.name,Websites.url
FROM Websites
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT count access_log WHERE Websites.id = access_log.site_id AND count > 200);

执行输出结果

img

SQL UCASE() 函数

TIP

UCASE() 函数把字段的值换位大写。

1 SQL UCASE 语法

SELECT UCASE(column_name) FROM table_name;

用于 SQL Server 的语法

SELECT UPPER(column_name) FROM table_name;

2 演示数据库

Websites

+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| id | name         | url                       | alexa | country |
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| 1  | Google       | https://www.google.cm/    | 1     | USA     |
| 2  | 淘宝          | https://www.taobao.com/   | 13    | CN      |
| 3  | 菜鸟教程      | http://www.runoob.com/    | 4689  | CN      |
| 4  | 微博          | http://weibo.com/         | 20    | CN      |
| 5  | Facebook     | https://www.facebook.com/ | 3     | USA     |
|  7 | stackoverflow | http://stackoverflow.com/ |     0 | IND     |
+----+---------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+

3 SQL UCASE() 实例

下面的 SQL 语句从 Websites 表中选取 name 和 url 列,并把 name 列的值转换为大写:

实例

SELECT UCASE(name) AS site_title,url
FROM Websites;

执行输出结果

img

SQL LCASE() 函数

TIP

LCASE() 函数把字段的值转换为小写。

1 SQL LCASE() 语法

SELECT LCASE(column_name) FROM table_name;

用于 SQL Server 的语法

SELECT LOWER(column_name) FROM table_name;

2 演示数据库

Websites

+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| id | name         | url                       | alexa | country |
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| 1  | Google       | https://www.google.cm/    | 1     | USA     |
| 2  | 淘宝          | https://www.taobao.com/   | 13    | CN      |
| 3  | 菜鸟教程      | http://www.runoob.com/    | 4689  | CN      |
| 4  | 微博          | http://weibo.com/         | 20    | CN      |
| 5  | Facebook     | https://www.facebook.com/ | 3     | USA     |
|  7 | stackoverflow | http://stackoverflow.com/ |     0 | IND     |
+----+---------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+

3 SQL LCASE() 实例

下面的 SQL 语句从 Websites 表中选取 name 和 url 列,并把 name 列的值转换为小写:

实例

SELECT LCASE(name) AS site_title,url
FROM Websites;

执行输出结果

img

SQL MID() 函数

TIP

MID() 函数用于从文本字段提取字符。

1 SQL MID() 语法

SELECT MID(column_name[,start,length]) FROM table_name;
参数描述
column_name必需。要提取字符的字段。
start必需。规定开始位置(起始值是 1)。
length可选。要返回的字符数。如果省略,则 MID() 函数返回剩余文本。

2 演示数据库

Websites

+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| id | name         | url                       | alexa | country |
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| 1  | Google       | https://www.google.cm/    | 1     | USA     |
| 2  | 淘宝          | https://www.taobao.com/   | 13    | CN      |
| 3  | 菜鸟教程      | http://www.runoob.com/    | 4689  | CN      |
| 4  | 微博          | http://weibo.com/         | 20    | CN      |
| 5  | Facebook     | https://www.facebook.com/ | 3     | USA     |
|  7 | stackoverflow | http://stackoverflow.com/ |     0 | IND     |
+----+---------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+

3 SQL MID() 实例

下面的 SQL 语句从 Websites 表的 name 列中提取前 4 个字符:

实例

SELECT MID(name,1,4) AS ShortTitle
FROM Websites;

执行输出结果

img

最后更新时间 12/18/2024, 9:58:37 AM